Buy artificial intelligence, automated reasoning, and symbolic computation. Artificial intelligence 81 a logic for default reasoning r. Knowledge representation and reasoning logics for arti cial. Browse other questions tagged computerscience artificialintelligence. Adding knowledge in monotonic reasoning does not reduce the set of prepositions that arise.
Given more information, we are prepared to retract previously drawn inferences. Introduction to knowledge representation and reasoning by artificial intelligence. Nonmonotonic reasoning in artificial intelligence semantic scholar. Aug 30, 2016 nonmonotonic spatial reasoning with answer set programming modulo theories volume 17 issue 2 przemyslaw andrzej walega, carl schultz, mehul bhatt. Analysis of algorithms for monotonic and nonmonotonic reasoning john franco, john schlipf, and sean weaver. Monotonic reasoning can be defined in artificial intelligence. Statistical reasoning a foundation for semantic web reasoning. Computational argumentation is emerging as an important part of ai research.
What is the difference between monotonicity and the. Nonmonotonic logic stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Despite the difference in motivation and technical construction there are strong similarities between these logics which are confirmed when they are finally shown to have a common basis. In a non monotonic reasoning system new information can be added which will cause the deletion or alteration of existing knowledge.
For example, it may not replace a statement with its negation. It is based, in part, on a discussion of intelligent agent architecture in 12, chapter. However, particularly in the last 20 years, the mathematical study of reasoning non monotonically has developed in parallel to, and largely separate from, research on monotonic logic. Anything can end before a clause is added, even after it is added.
The logic of definite clauses with negation as failure is non. We present answer set programming modulo theories aspmtqs, a novel approach and fully implemented. In this paper we introduce nonmonotonic reasoning and the attempts at formalizing it using nonmonotonic logics. Nonmonotonic reasoning attempts to formalize reasoning with ab kr incomplete information by classical logic systems. Non monotonic reasoning allows various kinds of hypothetical reasoning. Nonmonotonic reasoning and multiple belief revision. Theoretical computer science developed out of logic, the theory of computation if this is to be considered a different subject from logic, and some related areas of mathematics. Analysis of algorithms for monotonic and nonmonotonic. The objective of the article is to present solutions for problems occurring in classical expert systems based on. In these artificial intelligence notes pdf, you will study the basic concepts and techniques of artificial intelligence ai. Most studied formal logics have a monotonic consequence relation, meaning that adding a formula to a theory never produces a reduction of its set of consequences. An overview of nonmonotonic reasoning and logic programming journal of logic programming, vol.
I then discuss contributions to lbai contained in the chapters and some of the highlights that took place at the workshop on lbai from which the papers are drawn. Monotonic learning is when an agent may not learn any knowledge that contradicts what it already knows. In other words, non monotonic logics are devised to capture and represent defeasible inferences cf. There are a variety of approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning falling into numeric and symbolic categories. Nonmonotonic reasoning provides formal methods that enable intelligent systems to operate adequately when faced with incomplete or changing information. Applications of automated reasoning automated theorem proving automated mathematics axiomsa are given, theorem statementt is given reasoning agent searches from a to t or from t to a using rules of deduction to move around the search space automated verification hardware and software verification that they perform as specified.
A logic for default reasoning university of nottingham. In a nonmonotonic reasoning system new information can be added which will cause the deletion or alteration of existing knowledge. Nonmonotonic reasoning is useful for representing defaults. Full text of the second edition of artificial intelligence. Ryan 1991 mark ryan, defaults and revision in struc. This comes from the recognition that if we are to develop robust. I will give a simplified account of this view here. For more than 50 years artificial intelligence ai has been established as an independent re search field in. Western philosophers developed classical logic over a period of thirtythree centuries after its introduction in the form of syllogistic by aristotle 1 in the third century b. Nonmonotonic reasoning, in its broadest sense, is reasoning to conclusions on the basis of incomplete information. Nonmonotonic reasoning and multiple belief revision dongmo zhang1,2 shifu chen1 wujia zhu12 hongbing li1 1 state key lab. Artificial intelligence foundations of computational agents. Nonmonotonic reasoning deals with the problem of deriving plausible conclusions, but not infallible, from a knowledge base a set of formulas.
In other words, nonmonotonic logics are devised to capture and represent defeasible inferences cf. Practical nonmonotonic reasoning guido governatori knowledge techniques week 2012 nicta members nicta partners au from imagination to impact 2. Pdf one of the aims of artificial intelligence is the reproduction of human cognition. The nonmonotonic human reasoning is caused by the fact that our knowledge about the world is always incomplete and therefore we are forced to reason in the absence of complete information. The systematic modelling of dynamic spatial systems is a key requirement in a wide range of application areas such as commonsense cognitive robotics, computeraided architecture design, and dynamic geographic information systems. Automated reasoning is an area of computer science, cognitive science, and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning.
Monotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic reasoning and default values. Applications of automated reasoning automated theorem proving automated mathematics axiomsa are given, theorem statementt is given reasoning agent searches from a to t or from t to a using rules of deduction to move around the search space automated verification hardware and software verification that they perform as specified remember the intel chip. This paper attempts to show that if a philosophical analysis of normic laws sections 1, 5 is combined with certain developments in nonmonotonic logic sections 2, 4, then both the unity and the diversity of scientific disciplines can be seen in a new perspective section 8. Artificial intelligence i notes on reasoning with uncertainty. Most research in ai is devoted to fairly narrow applications, such as planning or speechtospeech translation in limited, well defined task.
In other words, nonmonotonic logics are devised to capture and represent defeasible inferences, i. Knowledge representation and reasoning logics for arti cial intelligence stuart c. Notes may be used with the permission of the author. Nerode classical logic is the study of safe formal reasoning. An overview of nonmonotonic reasoning and logic programming. The aim of these notes is to introduce intelligent agents and reasoning, heuristic search techniques, game playing, knowledge. Default or non monotonic reasoning in the previous example we made an assumption in the absence of information to the contrary, and revised this assumption later when new knowledge became available. Nonmonotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic logics and reasoning. A formal proof is a proof in which every logical inference has been checked back to the fundamental axioms of mathematics. Knowledge representation and reasoning logics for arti.
Non monotonic reasoning attempts to formalize reasoning with ab kr incomplete information by classical logic systems. For example when we visit a friends home, we buy biscuits for the children. Joint international conferences, aisc 2002 and calculemus 2002 marseille. What is monotonic and nonmonotonic reasoning in artificial. Artificial intelligence foundations of computational. Ai reasoning human reasoning capabilities are divided into three areas. Cis587 artificial intelligence retrieval of kb information the reasoning algorithms operating upon the kb need to access and manipulate information stored there large kbs consist of thousands of sentences problem. It is a general process of thinking rationally, to find valid conclusions. A logic is nonmonotonic if some conclusions can be invalidated by adding more knowledge. In particular, it provides rigorous mechanisms for taking back conclusions that, in the presence of new information, turn out to be wrong and for deriving new. Monotonic reasoning artificial intelligence definition.
Initial solutions to these problems worked though in. Introduction to logicbased artificial intelligence. Reiter department of computer science, university of british columbia, vancouver, b. Logic and artificial intelligence 35 assumptions about what we take the real world to be and about how our machines interact with that world. Non monotonic reasoning is based on default reasoning or most probabilistic choice. Artificial intelligence, automated reasoning, and symbolic. The development of formal logic played a big role in the field of automated reasoning, which itself led to the development of artificial intelligence. Elsevier artificial intelligence 77 1995 3257 artificial intelligence on the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and nperson games phan minh dung division of computer science, asian institute of technology, gpo box 2754, bangkok 10501, thailand. Although automated reasoning is considered a subfield of artificial. Logic and artificial intelligence stanford encyclopedia.
Monotonic and nonmonotonic reasoning in artificial. The logic of definite clauses with negation as failure is nonmonotonic. Statistical reasoning a foundation for semantic web. Page 1 artificial intelligence i matthew huntbach, dept of computer science, queen mary and westfield college, london, uk e1 4ns. Logic has played an important role in the development of artificial intelligence ai. Mathematical reasoning axioms, definitions, theorems, proofs logical reasoning deductive, inductive, abductive nonlogical reasoning linguistic, language these three areas of reasoning, are in every human being, but the. In this article we introduce a non monotonic reasoning engine, i. Artificial intelligence referred to hereafter by its nickname, ai is the subfield of computer science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can broadly be characterized as intelligent. Western philosophers developed classical logic over a period of thirtythree centuries after its introduction in the form of syllogistic by aristotle 1 in. In this article we will discuss about the reasoning system with uncertain knowledge. Artificial intelligence computer science and information. Introduction if artificial intelligence ai researchers can agree on anything, it is that an intelligent artifact must be capable of reasoning about the world it inhabits. Lecture notes in computer science on free shipping on qualified orders. Kowalski, an assumptionbased framework for non monotonic reasoning, proceedings of the second international workshop on logic programming and non monotonic reasoning, p.
In this case we do not have information to the contrary. What is the difference between monotonicity and the admissibility of a heuristic. In this chapter i provide a brief introduction to the field of logicbased artificial intelligence lbai. This is called default or nonmonotonic reasoning and cannot be formalized directly in pure fol in general. Reasoners draw conclusions defeasibly when they reserve the right to retract them in the light of further information. The system associates facts asserted with the rules and facts used to justify them and as those facts change updates the dependent knowledge as well. In particular, it provides rigorous mechanisms for taking back conclusions that, in the presence of new information, turn out to be wrong and for deriving new, alternative conclusions instead. Knowledge representation and nonmonotonic reasoning.
This is called default or non monotonic reasoning and cannot be formalized directly in pure fol in general. The study of automated reasoning helps produce computer programs that allow computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Artificial intelligence methods ws 20052006 marc erich latoschik the upper ontology of the world artificial intelligence methods ws 20052006 marc erich latoschik difference with specialpurpose ontologies a generalpurpose ontology should be applicable in more or less any specialpurpose domain. This is the equivalent of diagnostic reasoning in bayesian networks ocw, 2005.
Practical non monotonic reasoning guido governatori knowledge techniques week 2012 nicta members nicta partners au from imagination to impact 2. Or we can say, reasoning is a way to infer facts from existing data. Default or nonmonotonic reasoning in the previous example we made an assumption in the absence of information to the contrary, and revised this assumption later when new knowledge became available. S is assumed to be true as long as there is no evidence to the contrary. A nonmonotonic logic is a formal logic whose consequence relation is not monotonic. Artificial intelligence foundations of computational agents 5.
As studies of artificial intelligence continue, it should become apparent that progres in solving the problems of ai closely parelleled the development of tools and technics for manipulating knowladge. The term nonmonotonic logic in short, nml covers a family of formal frameworks devised to capture and represent defeasible inference. Analysis of algorithms for monotonic and nonmonotonic reasoning. In turn, thinking about applications in ai has led to the development of many new and interesting logical systems. In artificial intelligence, the reasoning is essential so that the machine can also think rationally as a human brain, and can perform like a human. The logic of definite clauses with negation as failure is. Abductive reasoning allows a system to infer the possible causes for a certain effect. A default is a rule that can be used unless it overridden by an exception. A non monotonic logic is a formal logic whose consequence relation is not monotonic. Logic and artificial intelligence stanford encyclopedia of. In the previous example we made an assumption in the absence of. Nonmonotonic reasoning computer science university of. For example, the possible courses for learning artificial intelligence at mit are 6.
1405 540 781 879 359 1421 822 372 700 508 1371 1499 621 8 581 582 1253 722 1574 136 24 1505 1210 824 681 1311 792 1049 63 1530 1515 1574 581 654 204 529 451 24 1276 1233 266 991 773 1403 826